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Though sentence structures are rarely tested, you will need to understand the different components of sentence structures to understand and answer grammar based questions. The following are different components of a sentence:
A CLAUSE is a group of words that includes at least a subject and a verb. A clause always contains a subject that acts through a verb. Clauses are categorized into two types to help us work with them:
Example: I went to the bonfire after the game.
Example: When the circus gets to town
If you’re still a bit confused about what makes up an independent clause vs. a dependent clause, simply remember what we like to call, “the AKWARD Rule.”
When a sentence does not contain an independent clause, it is called a sentence fragment. A fragment is basically an incomplete sentence, one that’s missing either a subject or a verb.
For example: Floating on the river.
Of course, that one’s fairly easy.. The ACT, on the other hand, will give you sentence fragments so long that by the time you’ve read to the end, you’ll have forgotten where you started. If you read a sentence out loud and it lacks a sense of completion or the whole thing just sounds weird, chances are it’s a sentence fragment.
Wrong: Because my broken heart, which you have left hardly beating in my chest, is the reason for my endless suffering
Correct: My broken heart, which you have left hardly beating in my chest, is the reason for my endless suffering
There is no one way to fix a sentence fragment. On the ACT, the simpler ones are easy to spot and fix. Other times, the trickier ones will involve removing words like “who,” “which,” “although”,” because,” “since,” and “despite.”
A conjunction is a word that connects clauses or sentences together. There are two types of conjunctions that appear on the ACT: coordinating and subordinating.
1. Coordinating Conjunctions. Coordination means bringing things together, in this case, two independent clauses. A coordinating conjunction is a word that connects two independent clauses in a sentence.
Coordinating conjunctions are FOR, AND, NOR, BUT, OR, YET and SO, and are paired with a comma: Comma + Coordinating Conjunction.
Example: The girl walked in the door, and her mother gave her a huge hug.
Therefore, if an answer choice joins two independent clauses using two of the above three options, then the answer choice is wrong.
2. Subordinating Conjunctions. Sometimes clauses in a complex sentence are connected by a subordinating conjunction. You may already know what “subordination” means and you can apply that definition here.
Subordinating conjunctions link a dependent clause to an independent clause, making one clause subordinate to (or dependent on) the other. Often, a subordinating conjunction will show a time, place, or cause and effect relationship.
Example: Because she had gotten there just in time, her mother gave her a huge smile.
The important thing to remember is that conjunctions are necessary to connect independent and dependent clauses.
Remember that independent clauses are complete sentences. When you connect two independent clauses with an unnecessary comma, you’ve created a COMMA SPLICE. Comma splices are grammatically incorrect.
The basic form of a comma splice is Independent Clause , Independent Clause
Tip: Commas splices are often signaled by the construction “comma + pronoun” (e.g. it, he, she, they, I). When you see this construction underlined on the ACT, you should immediately be on your guard.
Wrong: Tomatoes were originally small and multicolored, they are mostly large and red today.
In comparison, when punctuation is needed to connect two independent clauses, but you haven’t used any, you’re left with a RUN-ON sentence.
The basic form of a run-on is Independent Clause Independent Clause (No commas between the clauses)
There are three number of ways to fix comma splices and eliminate run-on sentences. Using this same example, let’s apply each approach.
As covered in the previous section, we can use a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS) along with a comma to correctly connect two independent sentences and avoid a comma splice or run-on.
Wrong: Tomatoes were originally small and multicolored, they are mostly large and red today.
Correct: Tomatoes were originally small and multicolored, but/yet they are mostly large and red today.
Important: If two independent clauses are connected by a word that’s not from the FANBOYS list, the sentence is STILL A RUN-ON. This is how the ACT tricks you.
Wrong: He was hungry, therefore, he bought a chipotle burrito.
This sentence is wrong because ‘therefore’ is not a coordinating conjunction/not on the FANBOYS list. Other words that the ACT might use to confuse you are however, moreover, in addition, nevertheless, and furthermore. These words are transition words pretending to be coordinating conjunctions.
Commas or semi-colons are the simplest way to correct comma splices and run-ons.
Wrong: Tomatoes were originally small and multicolored, they are mostly large and red
Correct: Tomatoes were originally small and multicolored. They are mostly large and red today.
Correct: Tomatoes were originally small and multicolored; they are mostly large and red today.
However, it’s important to remember that you should not use FANBOYS with a semicolon or period. Semicolons and periods require complete sentences on either side. If you add in a FANBOYS word, the second clause is no longer a complete sentence.
Wrong: He was hungry; and he bought a pizza.
Another option is to turn one of the independent clauses into a dependent clause, often by adding a subordinating conjunction. In the sentences below, the dependent clause is noted in orange.
Wrong: Tomatoes were originally small and multicolored, they are mostly large and red today.
Correct: While tomatoes were originally small and multicolored, they are mostly large and red today.
On the ACT, you will have answer choices to choose from. Therefore, it’s more important to be able to identify run-ons and be able to reword them.
Now, let’s complicate things by adding modifiers to each independent clause, making them complex independent clauses.
Wrong: When I try to go to sleep, nightmares keep me awake at night, after brushing my teeth, I oddly feel energized in the morning.
Correct: When I try to go to sleep, nightmares keep me awake at night; after brushing my teeth, I oddly feel energized in the morning.
Correct: When I try to go to sleep, nightmares keep me awake at night, yet after brushing my teeth, I oddly feel energized in the morning.
This sentence contains a ton of clauses, but essentially there are two independent clauses being mashed together.
Clause #2: after brushing my teeth, I oddly feel energized in the morning.
The ACT will try to trick you by putting stuffing many clauses into a sentence to keep you from realizing what you’re reading is a run-on. Read carefully and be on the lookout for where an independent clause ends and where another begins.
